Paper Medicine Man

Army officer who became an ethnologist, military historian, and prolific writer on the American West. Bourke spent most of his military service in the post-Civil War West. After graduating from West Point, he fought in last-stand battles with the Sioux, Northern Cheyennes, and Apaches. He was in General George Crook's command, pursuing the fugitive Chiricahua Apaches into the rugged Sierra Madre. Bourke's contacts with Indians brought a growing interest in their lifeways and ceremonies. Ranging from Texas and Mexico north through Hopi and Zuni lands to Montana, Idaho, and the Rockies, Bourke observed and made extensive field notes. The Apaches began calling him ""Paper Medicine Man."" To the Sioux he was ""Ink Man."" Bourke began publishing his observations and quickly developed a reputation as an accurate reporter of American Indian customs and rituals, earning praise from John Wesley Powell, Theodore Roosevelt, Francis Parkman, and Sigmund Freud.